Indonesia has the lowest Industry 4.0 (I4.0) readiness in South East Asia, and uses the INDI 4.0 instrument (Indonesia Industry 4.0 readiness index), which is not as comprehensive and accurate as it could be. An Initial survey confirmed that only 56.86% of respondents agreed that INDI 4.0 accurately measured readiness in manufacturing operations. Unlike the primary I4.0 indices, INDI 4.0 lacks comprehensive I4.0 dimensions and characteristics. This paper aims to identify the dimensions and indicators of I4.0 readiness to enhance INDI 4.0 through an exploratory mixed-method research approach with a multiphase research design. The first phase consisted of a qualitative approach through a documentary review, interviews, and observations to explore the dimensions and indicators of I4.0 readiness. This phase successfully identified four dimensions that experts, academics, and practitioners validated: technology, data life cycle, I4.0 design principles, and smart factory. These dimensions were broken down into 27 indicators of I4.0 readiness, then validated again through a statistical approach before being affirmed by a survey with a Pearson's correlation > 0.361 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.987, which indicated validity and reliability. The second phase, using a quantitative approach through a survey, confirmed the four dimensions and 27 indicators for measuring I4.0 readiness levels; these were 'not ready', 'early stage', 'moderate readiness', 'readiness ripe', and 'already implemented'. This finding comprehensively measured I4.0 readiness based on feedback from industries struggling to adopt I4.0, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. This finding also differed from existing indices (Acatech, RAMI 4.0, Dreamy, SIMMI 4.0. IMPULS) from developed countries and industries already stable in implementing 14.0.

Indonesië het die laagste industrie 4.0 (14.0) gereedheid in Suidoos-Asië, en gebruik die Indonesië Industrie 4.0 indeks (INDI 4.0) instrument, wat nie so omvattend en akkuraat is as wat dit kan wees nie. 'n Aanvanklike opname het bevestig dat slegs 56,86% van die respondente saamgestem het dat INDI 4.0 die gereedheid in vervaardigingsbedrywighede akkuraat gemeet het. Anders as die primêre I4.0-indekse, het INDI 4.0 nie omvattende I4.0-dimensies en -eienskappe nie. Hierdie artikel het ten doel om die dimensies en aanwysers van I4.0-gereedheid te identifiseer om INDI 4.0 te verbeter deur 'n verkennende gemengde-metode navorsingsbenadering met 'n multifase navorsingsontwerp. Die eerste fase het bestaan uit 'n kwalitatiewe benadering deur 'n literatuur oorsig, onderhoude en waarnemings om die dimensies en aanwysers van 14.0-gereedheid te verken. Hierdie fase het vier dimensies suksesvol geïdentifiseer wat deur kundiges, akademici en praktisyns bevestig is: tegnologie, datalewensiklus, I4.0-ontwerpbeginsels en slim fabriek. Hierdie dimensies is opgebreek in 27 aanwysers van I4.0 gereedheid, dan weer bekragtig deur 'n statistiese benadering voordat dit bevestig is deur 'n opname met 'n Pearson se korrelasie > 0.361 en Cronbach se alfa van 0.987, wat geldigheid en betroubaarheid aangedui het. Die tweede fase, met behulp van 'n kwantitatiewe benadering deur 'n opname, het die vier dimensies en 27 aanwysers vir die meting van I4.0-gereedheidsvlakke bevestig; dit was 'nie gereed', 'vroeë stadium', 'matige gereedheid', 'gereedheid ryp', en 'reeds geïmplementeer'. Hierdie bevinding het I4.0-gereedheid omvattend gemeet op grond van terugvoer van nywerhede wat sukkel om I4.0 aan te neem, veral in ontwikkelende lande soos Indonesië. Hierdie bevinding het ook verskil van bestaande indekse (Acatech, RAMI 4.0, Dreamy, SIMMI 4.0. IMPULS) van ontwikkelde lande en nywerhede wat reeds stabiel is in die implementering van I4.0.

Abstract Glycemic status depicts a state of individual blood glucose level. Biochemical parameters to identify glycemic status associated with diabetes mellitus include fasting or non-fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance. Our present work conducted a systematic review aiming to systematically summarize the in vivo experimental results of nutmeg treatments towards the glycemic status of rats and mice. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, ProQuest, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar were used as databases for searching articles. Twenty-one articles that met the criteria were eventually used in this systematic review. The results of the in vivo studies revealed that the intervention of nutmeg samples in rats and mice had a positive effect. This finding was present in all reviewed articles. Overall, treatment by nutmeg samples was able to attenuate fasting blood glucose, non-fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c in rats and mice, reaching up to 94.52, 60.76, and 48.86%. We also found that nutmeg samples prepared from mace and methanol had the highest effect in reducing blood glucose. Based on this systematic review, it can be concluded that nutmeg has a positive effect on improving glycemic status and reducing the risk of DM in rats and mice.

Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental investigation on microstructure (size and morphology of eutectic Si), impact toughness and sliding wear properties of A356 Al-Si alloy and composites containing 10, 20 and 25 wt% of SiCp reinforcement produced by semisolid stirring technique. The results revealed that an increase in SiCp content leads to a reduction in the size of eutectic Si and also changes its morphology from plate-like to equiaxed. Furthermore, addition of 10 and 20 wt% silicon carbide reinforcement decreased the impact toughness by 6 and 18%, respectively. A356/25wt%SiCp composite registered the lowest impact toughness with reduction of 33% due to debonding and agglomeration of SiCp in the matrix. The sliding wear results showed that the wear resistance of the composites was significantly higher than that of the matrix alloy due to the increase in hardness as well as reduction in the size and also morphology transformation of eutectic silicon with increase in SiCp content. However, the existence of particle-porosity clustering with increasing the SiCp content to 25 wt% played a significant role in deteriorating the wear behavior of the composite.

The study aimed to investigate the response of soil respiration to salinity when amended with mixtures of rapidly and slowly decomposable residues. Two incubation experiments were carried out with loam soils having EC(1:5)0.1, 1.0, 2.5 and 3.3 dS m-1. In experiment one, the four soils were amended with 20 g kg-1 soil as sawdust (C/N 114) or kikuyu (C/N 19) alone or mixed at different ratios. In all mixtures, the decrease in cumulative respiration at 1 dS m-1compared to non-saline soil was smaller than with sawdust alone. In experiment two, three soils (EC(1:5)0.1, 1.0 and 2.5 dS m-1) were amended once or three times to a total addition rate of 10 g C kg-l soil either with sawdust alone, kikuyu alone or mixtures. In the treatments with mixtures, the decrease in cumulative respiration from non-saline to EC 1 dS m-1 was smallest in the treatments with three residue additions where 25% kikuyu was added on day 0 or on day 14 after addition of 50% sawdust on day 0. We conclude that even a relatively small proportion of rapidly decomposable residue in a mixture is sufficient to alleviate the negative impact of salinity on soil respiration.

Effect of calcium addition on microstructure, hardness value and corrosion behavior of five different Mg-xCa binary alloys (x = 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. (%)) was investigated. Notable refinement in microstructure of the alloy occurred with increasing calcium content. In addition, more uniform distribution of Mg2Ca phase was observed in a-Mg matrix resulted in an increase in hardness value. The in-vitro corrosion examination using Kokubo simulated body fluid showed that the addition of calcium shifted the fluid pH value to a higher level similar to those found in pure commercial Mg. The high pH value amplified the formation and growth of bone-like apatite. Higher percentage of Ca resulted in needle-shaped growth of the apatite. Electrochemical measurements in the same solution revealed that increasing Ca content led to higher corrosion rates due to the formation of more cathodic Mg2Ca precipitate in the microstructure. The results therefore suggested that Mg-0.7Ca with the minimum amount of Mg2Ca is a good candidate for bio-implant applications.

In the present study, in vitro mutagenesis techniques were applied to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy on physiological changes in callus of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f. Biochemical changes in chlorophyll and soluble protein content of pre- and post- irradiated Gerbera callus were studied. Non-irradiated callus demonstrated the highest amount of chlorophyll content as compared to callus irradiated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll b was relatively higher than chlorophyll a in both the irradiated and non-irradiated callus, except for callus irradiated at 10 Gy. Biochemical differentiation based on total soluble protein content revealed gradual reduction after day 9 of exposure to gamma irradiation. Reduction of soluble protein content was observed in all the treatments as the increase of incubation period.

O presente trabalho foi realizado para estudar os efeitos da radiação gama no crescimento in vitro de explantes de calos, e a formação de brotos e mudas. A irradiação é conhecida por induzir ou inibir a diferenciação de células e o crescimento das plantas in vitro, o que ajuda na produção de novas variedades vegetais. Radiação gama é um dos agentes mutagenicos que são amplamente utilizados para o melhoramento através da mutação. Um declínio gradual foi observado no número de brotos regenerados a partir de explantes de pecíolos irradiados comparado com o controle. O número de brotações regeneradas de explantes de pecíolos irradiados, cultivados em meio Murashige & Skoog, suplementado com 2,0 mg L-1 BAP e 0,5 mg L-1 ANA, foi reduzido de 7,5±0,4 (controle) para 6,6±0,9, quando explantes foram expostos a 20 Gray de irradiação. Observação semelhante foi relatada sobre os efeitos da radiação gama em plântulas propagadas in vitro. Um declínio gradual foi observado com base na altura da planta com o aumento da dose de radiação gama. Um declínio significativo foi observado no peso fresco de calos irradiados em relação ao controle. Neste caso, as respostas de crescimento de calos foram fortemente influenciados pela dose de radiação. O peso fresco de calos foi reduzido para 76,4±2,2% em comparação com 89,7±0,5% (controle) quando calos foram expostas a 20 Gy.

The present work was carried out to study the effects of gamma irradiation on in vitro growth of explants, callus and the formation of shoots and plantlets. Irradiation is known to exhibit or inhibit the differentiation of cells and growth of plants in vitro, which helps in producing new plant varieties. Gamma irradiation is one of the physical mutagens that are widely used for mutation breeding. A gradual decline was observed in the number of shoots regenerated from irradiated petiole explants compared to control. Numbers of shoots regenerated from irradiated petiole explant cultured on Murashige & Skoog medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA was reduced to 6.6±0.9 from 7.5±0.4 (control) when explants were exposed to 20 Gray of irradiation dose. Similar observation was reported on effects of gamma irradiation on in vitro propagated plantlets. Gradual decline was observed based on plant height as the dose of gamma irradiation increased. A significant decline was observed in the fresh weight of irradiated callus compared to control. In this case, growth responses of callus were strongly influenced by the radiation dose. The fresh weight of callus was reduced to 76.4±2.2% compared to 89.7±0.5% of control when callus tissues were exposed to 20 Gy.